Sour cherry kernels are waste products of the fruit juice industry. Solid-state fermentation has great potential for recycling the agro-industrial residues. In the present study, the effect of raw sour cherry kernel (RC) and fermented sour cherry kernel (FC) by Aspergillus niger on growth performance, carcass traits and meat quality in broiler chickens was investigated. A total of 343 one-day-old male broilers (Ross 308) were randomly allocated to 7 treatments with 7 replicates for each treatment and 7 birds in each replicate. The chicks were fed on a basal diet (control) and basal diet supplemented with RC or FC at the 1, 2, and 4% level. Dietary RC improved (P < 0.001) the feed conversion ratio (FCR) at the 1% inclusion level although chicks fed 2 and 4% RC had lower (P < 0.01) body weight (BW), body weight gain (BWG), and feed intake (FI) from day 1 to 42, compared with that of the birds in the control group. Dietary FC with 1% inclusion level increased (P ≤ 0.05) BWG from day 22 to 42 and also enhanced (P < 0.001) the FCR from day 1 to 42. However, 4% dietary FC had an adverse effect (P < 0.01) on BW, BWG, FI, and the FCR, compared with the control group. The bursa of Fabricius weight was raised (P < 0.01) as the supplemental FC level increased. Dietary RC and FC elevated gut weight (P < 0.01) and length (P ≤ 0.05). Broilers fed on 2% FC had a higher (P ≤ 0.05) ash level and a lower (P ≤ 0.05) b* value in thigh meat, compared with the 2% RC group. The results indicate that FC can be used in broiler nutrition up to 2% level although RC can be added to broiler diets up to 1% level without a detrimental effect on growth performance. Dietary inclusion of 1% RC or FC can be recommended due to the positive effects on broiler chickens.

There has been a discussion about usability of mushrooms in poultry nutrition as growth promoter, meat and egg quality enhancer, health protector and treater recently. Mushrooms have some active compounts having antimicrobial, antioxidant and health protector properties such as polysaccharide, lectin and terpene etc. Studies have shown that mushrooms can improve growth, product quality, antioxidant defense system and immunity of poultry by means of its active components. It is summarized effects of Basidiomycota mushrooms on poultry in this review.

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Effects of different Aspergillus niger strains on main nutritional components of grape seed in solid-state fermentation were investigated in this study. Grape seeds were fermented with three different A. niger strains which are ATCC 9142, ATCC 200345 and ATCC 52172. Fermented and unfermented grape seeds were analyzed for crude protein, ether extract, ash, crude fiber, neutral detergent fiber (NDF), and acid detergent fiber (ADF). Unfermented grape seeds (control group) and fermented groups: FG1 (ATCC 9142), FG2 (ATCC 200345) and FG3 (ATCC 52172) were compared each other depending on the results of chemical analyses. Crude protein increased (p < 0.001) with fermentation in all groups and the highest increases were observed in FG2 and FG3 groups. Ether extract was similar with control in FG1 group but decreased (p < 0.001) in FG2 and FG3 groups. Ash content increased (p < 0.001) through fermentation in all groups, the highest increases were noted in FG2 and FG3 groups. Crude fiber, ADF, NDF and nitrogen-free extracts (NFE) were decreased with fermentation in all groups (p < 0.001). Whereas the highest decreases of NFE were observed in FG1 and FG2 groups, the highest reduction in crude fiber, ADF and NDF were ocurred in FG2 group. These results showed that nutritional quality of grape seeds can be improved by A. niger solid-state fermentation and the best results were taken from ATCC 52172.

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This study was carried out to investigate the effects of Aspergillus niger solid-state fermentation on main nutritional content of cherry (Prunus cerasus) kernel. Three Aspergillus niger strains (ATCC 52172, ATCC 200345, ATCC 9142) were used in this study. Cherry kernels were analyzed for crude protein (CP), total ash (TA), total fat (TF), crude  fiber (CF), nitrogen free extract (NFE), neutral detergent fiber (NDF) and acid detergent fiber (ADF) before and after fermentation to see nutritional change. CP level of the sour cherry increased by 14.1% and reached up to 41.66% from 27.56%. Fungal fermentation changed also TA, TF, CF, NFE, NDF, ADF contents of cherry kernel. These results suggest that solid-state fermentation with Aspergillus niger can be used for utilization nutritional properties of cherry kernels to make having potential in animal nutrition.

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Ochratoxin A is a toxic substance coming up with growing up of some species of Aspergillus and Penicillium at feedstuffs. Diseases and deaths can occur if this toxic substance is consumed by animals. Ochratoxin A can contaminate easily feedstuffs of mixed feeds while producing, harvesting and storing period and pose a serious threat for world and Turkey considering existing rate in feed and feedstuffs. Moreover taking account of passing to animal tissues, ochratoxin A pose a serious risk for human health. Regarding this, ochratoxin A has negative effects on human such as disorders of kidney and reproductive organs. In addition there is various methods to eliminate this damages made by ochratoxin A. In this review, existing of ochratoxin A in poultry feeds, the negative effects on poultry, transition to tissues and practices that can ease the negative effects were summarized.